ZERRE SOLUTIONS

Basic Information.

Our Tourism departmet arrange the cooperative tours all around the country with professional tourism compnies on both sides.(Turkey & Pakistan)

Short History

The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although the region has been inhabited continuously for at least two million years;[1][2] its ancient history includes some of the oldest settlements of South Asia[3] and some of its major civilizations.[4][5] The political history of eventual birth of the country began in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which culminated in 90 years of direct rule by the British Crown, and, subsequently, spawned a successful freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League. The latter was founded in 1906 to protect Muslim interests and rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of neglect and under-representation of Muslims in politics. On 29 December 1930, the poet Muhammad Iqbal called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims".[6] Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution[7] of 1940, demanding the formation of an independent Pakistan.

Pakistan became independent as a Muslim-majority state with two wings to the east and northwest of India respectively. Independence resulted in communal riots across India and Pakistan — as millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. Disputes arose over several princely states including Kashmir and Jammu whose ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by tribesmen from Pakistan. This led to the First Kashmir War (1948) which ended with India occupying roughly two-thirds of the state and Pakistan occupying the remainder. A republic was declared in 1956 but was stalled by a coup d'etat by Ayub Khan (1958–69), who ruled during a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965. Economic grievances and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political tensions and army repression, escalating into civil war[8] followed by the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and ultimately the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.[9]

Civilian rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Pakistan's secular policies were replaced by the Islamic Shariah legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of General Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she alternated power with Nawaz Sharif, as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict[10] with India were followed by a Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers.[11] In 2001, Musharraf named himself President after the forced resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 Prime-Ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz, followed by a temporary period in office by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain. On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its term and a caretaker government was appointed with the former Chairman of the Senate, Muhammad Mian Soomro as Prime Minister. The assassination of Benazir Bhutto resulted in a series of important political developments: The general elections were postponed until 18 February 2008; a coalition government came to power after the elections; President Musharraf stepped down and a civilian, Asif Ali Zardari, was elected as the new President.

History of South Asia

History of South Asia
Stone Age	before 3300 BCE
Mature Harappan	2600–1700 BCE
Late Harappan	1700–1300 BCE
Iron Age	1200–300 BCE
Maurya Empire	• 321–184 BCE
Middle Kingdoms	230 BCE–1279 CE
Satavahana	• 230 BCE–220 CE
Gupta Empire	• 280–550 CE
Islamic Sultanates	1206–1596
Mughal Empire	1526–1707
Sikh Confederacy	1716-1849
British India	1858–1947
Modern State-Pakistan	since 1947

Official Name

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Father of the Nation

Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)

National Poet

Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

Head of the State

Asif Ali Zardari, President

Head of Government

Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani, Prime Minister

Capital

Islamabad (See http://www.cda.gov.pk)

Area

Total	796,095 Sq. km.
Punjab	205,344 Sq. km.
Sindh	140,914 Sq. km.
North WestFrontierProvince	74,521 Sq. km.
Balochistan	347,190 Sq. km.
Federally Administered Tribal Areas	27,220 Sq. km.
Islamabad (Capital)	906 Sq. km.

Population

165 million (estimated)-132 million (1998 census) (See http://www.statpak.gov.pk/)

Pakistan is divided into four provinces viz., North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. The tribal belt adjoining NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is named FATA i.e., Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own respective political and administrative machinery, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. Provinces of Pakistan are further divided into Districts

Religion

95% Muslims, 5% others.

Annual per capita income

US $1085 (For More Details)

GDP

5.8%

Currency

Pak. Rupee.

Imports

Industrial equipment, chemicals, vehicles, steel, iron ore, petroleum, edible oil, pulses, tea.

Exports

Cotton, textile goods, rice, leather items carpets, sports goods, handi-crafts, fish and fish prep. and fruit

Languages

Urdu (National) and English (Official)

Literacy rate

53%

Government

Parliamentary form

Parliament

Parliament consists of two Houses i.e., the Senate (Upper House) and the National Assembly (Lower House).
The Senate is a permanent legislative body and symbolises a process of continuity in the national affairs. It consists of 100 members. The four Provincial Assemblies, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Federal Capital form its electoral college.
The National Assembly has a total membership of 342 elected through adult suffrage (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-Muslim seats).

Pakistan National Flag

Dark green with a white vertical bar, a white crescent and a five-pointed star in the middle. The Flag symbolizes Pakistan's profound commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious minorities. (For more details click here)

National Anthem

Approved in August, 1954
Verses Composed by: Abdul Asar Hafeez Jullundhri
Tune Composed by: Ahmed G. Chagla
Duration: 80 seconds (For more details click here)

State Emblem

The State Emblem consists of:
1. The crescent and star which are symbols of Islam
2. The shield in the centre shows four major crops
3. Wreath surrounding the shield represents cultural heritage and
4. Scroll contains Quaid's motto: Faith, Unity, Discipline (For more details click here)

Pakistan's Official Map

Drawn by Mian Mahmood Alam Suhrawardy (1920-1999)

National Flower

Jasmine.

National Tree

Deodar (Cedrus Deodara).

National Animal

Markhor.

National Bird

Chakor (Red-legged partridge)

Flora

Pine, Oak, Poplar, Deodar, Maple, Mulberry

Fauna

The Pheasant, Leopard, Deer, Ibex, Chinkara, Black buck, Neelgai, Markhor, Marco-Polo sheep, Green turtles, River & Sea fish, Crocodile, Waterfowls

Popular games

Cricket, Hockey, Football, Squash.

Tourist's resorts

Murree, Quetta, Hunza, Ziarat, Swat, Kaghan, Chitral and Gilgit

Archaeological sites

Moenjo Daro, Harappa, Taxila, Kot Diji, Mehr Garh, Takht Bhai.

Major Cities

Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Multan and Sialkot

Major Crops

Cotton, Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane

Agricultural Growth Rate

4.1 % on the average for the last six years--1.5% in 2007-08

Total cropped area

25.01 million hectares

Industry

Textiles, Cement, Fertiliser, Steel, Sugar, Electric Goods, Shipbuilding

Energy

Major sources	Electricity (Hydel, Thermal, Nuclear) Oil, Coal, and Liquid Petroleum Gas
Power Generating Capacity	22763 MW (See http://www.wapda.gov.pk/)

Health

Hospitals	916
Dispensaries	4,600
Basic Health Units (BHUs)	5,301
Maternity & Child Health Centres	906
Rural Health Centres (RHCs)	552
Tuberculosis (TB) Centres	289
Hospital Beds	99,908
Doctors (registered)	113,206
Dentists (registered)	6,127
Nurses (registered	48,446
Paramedics	23,559
Lady Health Workers	6,741

Education

Primary Schools	155,000
Middle Schools	28,728
High Schools	16,100
Secondary Vocational Institutions	636
Arts & Science Colleges	1,066
Professional Colleges	382
Universities	51

Transport & Communication

Total length of roads	259, 758 km
Pakistan Railway network	7,791 km
Locomotives	580
Railway stations	781 (See.http://www.pakrail.com/)
Pakistan International Airlines	Covers 38 international and 24 domestic stations with a fleet of 49 planes.(See.http://www.piac.com.pk/)
Major Airports	Eight (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar, Multan, Faisalabad and Gwadar) (See.http://www.caapakistan.com.pk/)

Seaports

International	Three (Karachi, Bin Qasim and Gwadar
Fish Harbours-Cum-Mini Ports	Three (Minora, Gawadar, and Keti Bandar)

TURKEY

Present-day Turkey is ruled by the Hettites between 2000 and 1200 BC. From that moment on Greek settlers colonize the coast of Minor Asia. Minor Asia is ruled by Persia between 546 and 334 BC. In 133 Minor Asia is conquered by the Hellenic states of Macedon. Hellenic rules continues until 133, when the area is conquered by the Roman Empire. Rome establishes the province of Asia Minor. After the division of the Roman Empire in 395 the province of Asia Minor becomes part of the East Roman Empire.

From 1000 on Turkish tribe settle in Minor Asia and form the Saljuq Sultanate in 1077. This sultanate is defeated by the Mongols in 1243 and disintegrates into several small Turkish states. These principalities are united in In 1288 by in the Ottoman Empire. Gradualy the Ottoman rule extenses to large parts of South Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. In 1453 the Ottomans conquer Constantinopel, capital of the East Roman Empire, and make it under the name Istanbul capital of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1534 the Empire is at the maximum of its power, from that moment on it gradually loses territories. Sultan 'Abdül Hamid II grants the empire a constitution, but absolute monarchy is restored in 1878. In 1908 sultan 'Abdül Hamid II is forced to reinstate the constitution, this brings the reformist Young Turks of the İttihad ve Terakki (Unity and Progress, IT) to power and introduces constitutional rule. The Ottoman Empire becomes a multi party state, but after the assaissination of prime minister Mahmut Şevket paşa in 1913 parties are abolished. From that time the IT rules as a virtual military dictatorship. The empire enters World War I as an ally of Germany and Austria. After the defeat at World War I the Ottoman Empire collapses and it loses its non-Turkish areas.

Defeated, shorn of much of its former territory, and partly occupied by forces of the victorious European states, the Ottoman structure is repudiated by Turkish nationalists who rally under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal. In 1920 a parliament is elected, dominated by the Andolu ve Rumeli Müdafaayı Hukuk Cemiyeti (Association of the Defence of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia, ARMHC) of Kemal. The temporal and religious ruling institutions of the old empire (the sultanate and caliphate) are abolished and the empire is renamed in 1922 into Turkey, first named Turkish State, renamed Turkish Republic in 1923. Kemal becomes president of the new Turkish state. later known as Kemal Atatürk. The nationalists expell invading Greek forces from Anatolia after a bitter war. Kemal's followers inside the ARMHC found in 1923 the Halk Firkası (People's Party, HF). The party is renamed Cumhuriyet Halk Firkası (Republican People's Party, CHF) in 1924. He rules the country as a dictator and under his leadership Turkey becomes a secular one-party state.

Kemal becomes known as Kemal Atatürk in 1935 and the party is renamed Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party, CHP) te same year. Referred to as "Kemalism," its ideology comprises secularism, nationalism and modernization and turns toward the West for inspiration and support. The continued validity and applicability of Kemalism is the subject of frequent discussion and debate in Turkey's political life. After his death in 1938 Atatürk is succeeded by Ismet Inönü. The same year Sanjak of Alexandretta is separated from Syria as Hatay. In 1939 Hatay is incorporated into Turkey.
In 1950 Turkey becomes a multi-party parliamentary democracy. The oppositional Demokrat Partisi (Democratic Party, DP) under Adnan Menderes seizes power in 1950. The DP wins also the elections of 1954 and 1957, but its rule becomes increasingly authoritarian. This leads in 1960 to a army coup by Cemal Gürsel. In 1961 parliamentary democracy is restored and Ismet Inönü of the CHP becomes prime minister again. He loses confidence of parliament in 1965 and is forced to abdicate. Later that year the CHP loses the 1965 elections, bringing the AP with Süleyman Demirel to the premiership. The army still sees its role as the custodian of the secular tradition and stages in 1971 a coup to bring down the government of Süleyman Demirel. After some interim governments, the CHP wins the 1973 elections and forms a coalition government under its leader Mustafa Bülent Ecevit. This government falls in 1974 and in 1975 the CHP is defeated by the AP. Demirel becomes prime minister again. Between 1977 and 1979 Ecevit is prime minister and in 1979 Demirel becomes prime minister again.
In 1980 the army stages another coup. The independent Saim Bülent Ülüsü becomes prime minister and the regime allows elections in 1983. After the restoration of civilian rule, Turgut Özal of the Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party, AnaP) becomes prime minister. He becomes president in 1989 and as prime minister he is succeeded by Yildirim Akbulut and in 1991 by Ahmet Mesut Yilmaz. The Doğru Yol Partisi (True Path Party, DYP), succesor of the AP, wins the 1991 elections and Demirel beomes prime minister again. In 1993 his co-partisan Tansu Çiller becomes prime minister. She is succeeded in 1996 by Yilmaz, leading a coalition of the AnaP with the DYP. When this coalition breaks down the DYP joins a coalition with the islamist Refah Partisi (Welfare Party, RP) under Necmettin Erbakan. Under military pressure Erbakan steps down in 1997 and his party is banned in 1998.
Yilmaz becomes prime minister again in a coalition with the social democratic Demokratik Sol Partisi (Democratic Left Party, DSP), the new party of Bülent Ecevit. This coalitio breaks down and Ecevit becomes prime minister in a minority government. After the elections of 1999 he can form a coalition with the AnaP and the nationalist Milliyetçi Partisi (Nationalist Action Party, MHP). In 2001 the Fazilet Partisi, successor of the RP is banned. One of the successors of this party is the moderate islamic reformist Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (Justice and Development Party, AK) of Reçep Tayyıp Erdogan. Erdogan is banned from politics, but the AK captures in 2002 34.3% of the total votes. Since the AK and CHP are the only parties to surpass the 10% threshold required to hold seats in parliament, the AK has an huge majority in parliament, making Abdullah Gül prime minister. He is succeeded in 2003 by Erdogan. After that in next period Erdogan selected again as prime minister and Abdullah Gul is still presedent of Turkey.

The lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents making up the old world. Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other, and straddle the point where Europe and Asia meet. Geographically, the country is located in the northern half of the hemisphere at a point that is about halfway between the equator and the north pole, at a longitude of 36 degrees N to 42 degrees N and a latitude of 26 degrees E to 45 degrees E. Turkey is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 kilometers wide.

Because of its geographical location the mainland of Anatolia has always found favour throughout history, and is the birthplace of many great civilizations. It has also been prominent as a centre of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides
The actual area of Turkey inclusive of its lakes, is 814,578 square kilometres, of which 790,200 are in Asia and 24,378 are located in Europe

Capital		Ankara 39°55′N 32°50′E /
Largest city		Istanbul
Official languages		Turkish
Demonym		Turkish
Government		Parliamentary republic
-	President	Abdullah Gül
-	Prime Minister	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
-	Speaker of the Parliament	Köksal Toptan
Succession		to the Ottoman Empire²
-	Treaty of Lausanne	July 24, 1923
-	Declaration of Republic	October 29, 1923
Area
-	Total	783,562 km2 (37th) 302,535 sq mi
-	Water (%)	1.3
Population
-	2008 estimate	71,892,808[1]
-	2007 census	70,586,256[2] (17th³)
-	Density	93/km2 (102nd³) 240/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2008 estimate
-	Total	$937.143 billion[3] (15th)
-	Per capita	$13,447[3] (61st)
GDP (nominal)		2008 estimate
-	Total	$798.863 billion[3] (17th)
-	Per capita	$11,463[3] (55th)
Gini (2005)		38 (medium)
HDI (2007)		▲ 0.775 (medium) (84th)
Currency		Turkish lira5 (TRY)
Time zone		EET (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Drives on the		right

Histology of Countries

Pakistan



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Turkey



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Useable links

Turkey..All useable links are available on
http://www.turkishembassy.org.pk/tlinks.php?res=High
Pakisan ...
www. tourism.gov.pk
www.travel-culture.com
www.pakistan.gov.pk